Petroleum is crude oil in the form of a black viscous liquid which cannot be utilized. Then in order to be utilized, petroleum must undergo processing first. Crude oil processing is carried out by an oil refinery which goes through two stages. The first stage of processing (primary processing) is carried out by multilevel distillation and the second stage of processing (secondary processing) is carried out in various ways.

The first phase of petroleum processing

The first stage of petroleum processing is carried out by multilevel distillation, which is a repeated distillation process, so that various results are obtained based on differences in their boiling points. The results of this multilevel distillation process include:

1. The first fraction produces gas which is eventually liquefied and is known as LPG or LPG (Liquefied Petroleum Gas). LPG is used to fuel gas stoves and CNG cars, or is further processed into other chemicals.
2. The second fraction is called naphtha (natural gas). Naphtha cannot be used immediately, but is further processed in the second stage into gasoline (premium) or other petrochemical materials. Naphtha is often referred to as heavy gasoline.
3. The third fraction, or the middle fraction, is then made into kerosene (kerosene) and avtur (jet fuel).
4. The fourth fraction is often called diesel which is used as diesel engine fuel.
5. The fifth fraction, also known as the residue, contains long-chain hydrocarbons and can be further processed in the second stage into various other carbon compounds, and the rest as bitumen and wax.